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Sovereign
n. monarch, king, queen, ruler
Patron
n. supporter; regular customer; sponsor; guardian
Carve
to cut (a solid material) so as to form something
Reef
n. a ridge of rocks or sand
Coral
n. the hard, variously colored, calcareous skeleton secreted by certain marine polyps.
Sediment
n. the matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid; lees; dregs.
Algae
n. plant usually found in water, sea-weed
Lobster
n. edible marine crustacean that has large pincers on the front pair of legs
Blow away
(Slang) kill; amaze
Subjective
adj. existing in the mind; personal
Objective
adj. impartial, unbiased; existing outside of the mind - n. aim, purpose, goal
Fungi
n. any of a group of organisms including mushrooms and mildews
Porous
adj. having tiny holes
Eardrum
n. membrane of the inner ear (~curtain)
Vintage
adj. choice, high quality; classic; from a good year
Burrow
dig a hole or tunnel (in the ground); investigate; hide
Dwarf
n. abnormally short human, pygmy, midget; small man with magical powers (Folklore)
Succulent
adj. juicy; having fleshy leaves that store water - n. plant having fleshy leaves that store water
Perennial
adj. lasting throughout the whole year; continuing for many years; perpetual, everlasting
Surge
n. large wave, billow; eruption, spurt; strong forward movement like that of a wave
Swell
v. increase in volume, expand, inflate
Engulf
v. consume, swallow up, overwhelm; submerge, immerse
Entrench
v. settle firmly, strongly establish
Freight
n. cargo or goods that are shipped for a fee; shipping cost; transportation, conveyance, shipment
Seam
n. crease, wrinkle; crack, furrow, groove; thin layer of rock or mineral (Geology)
Convention
n. conference; treaty; agreement; routine, custom
Intellectual
n. highly intelligent person
Mirage
n. trick of eyesight, optical illusion, deceptive vision
Receptor
n. acceptor, receiver, one who takes in; sensor which receives stimuli (in the nervous system)
Mound
n. hill, embankment; pile, heap
Utilitarian
adj. practical, applicable, useful
Artisan
n. artist, creator; craftsman, skilled workman
Mold
n. pattern or form for giving a particular shape
Bevel
n. angle; sloping edge - n. angle; sloping edge
Crudely
adv. rudely; roughly; in an unfinished manner, in an unrefined state
Rim
n. edge, brink; frame or edge surrounding an object
Tablet
n. flat piece of stone or other material bearing an inscription
Mantle
n. (Geology) layer of the earth which lies between the crust and the core
Instructive
adj. Informative ; conveying knowledge, or information; enlightening
Plume
decorate with feathers
Fuzzy
adj. soft, cottony, fluffy; lint-covered; cloudy, hazy, blurry; confused
Typify
v. represent; characterize
Contaminant
n. substance that pollutes
Firsthand
adv. coming from the original source - adj. from the original source
Clutch
v. grasp tightly, seize n. tight grip; group of chicks; nest with eggs;
Coil
v. bind, wrap; twist, wind - n. cylinder, roll; ring, link; wrapping, winding
Abiotic
adj. inanimate, inorganic, not living
Rattle
v. produce a series of fast knocking or tapping sounds - n. chatter, prattle, gossip (, Jeq-jeqe!)
Prerequisite
n. prior condition, previous stipulation
Brood
v. hatch, incubate; muse, reflect, think; sulk
Opt out
choose not to participate in something, choose to withdraw, resign
Ferocious
adj. cruel, savage, ruthless, brutal
Commonality
n. sharing of common features; shared characteristic; commonalty, simple folk, common people
Hasten
v. hurry; accelerate, cause to move at a greater pace
Paleontology
n. science of the study of geological periods through the study of fossil evidence
Incubate
v. sit on eggs in order to hatch them; hatch eggs
Pull Up
v. stop; overtake (in a race); improve the situation; rebuke, reprimand
Blemish
n. flaw, fault, defect v. to destroy
Brittle
adj. friable; fragile, breakable; sensitive
Sheer
adv. completely adj. thin and nearly transparent n. sudden change of direction
Elusive
adj. difficult to understand; evasive, tending to escape
Dump
n. garbage dumping site; warehouse v. drop abruptly, throw down; empty out; get rid of
Niche
n. a place or position suitable or appropriate for a person or thing
Harness
v. utilize, control, rein, channel
Grind
v. crush, break up into small particles
Hydro
n. a combining form meaning “water", spa
Seldom
adv. not often, infrequently, rarely
Provoke
v. incite, instigate; stimulate, arouse; cause, induce, bring out
Fabric
n. structure, framework; construction; textile, weave
Instill
v. introduce gradually, infuse; insert slowly in small amounts
Ridge
n. chain of mountains; crest, thin uppermost edge
Slab
n. flat thick piece of material
Drag
v. pull with force, haul; be pulled; level land
Subduct
v. withdraw, take away
Frenzy
n. excitement, madness v. excite, madden, agitate
Manure
n. waste, animal dung; fertilizer
Perennial
adj. lasting throughout the whole year; perpetual, everlasting
Tame
adj. trained, domesticated; gentle v. domesticate; subdue, master; restrain, control
Potable
adj. drinkable
Scrape
v. rub; remove material from a surface by rubbing
Conspicuous
adj. noticeable, obvious
Breed
v. reproduce; raise animals
Herd
n. group of animals which feeds and travels together
Downhill
adj. downward; descending adv.
Contour
v. draw the outline of n.
Percolate
v. secrete; permeate, penetrate
Metamorphose
v. change in nature or form, transform
Tortuous
adj. twisting, winding, bending
Permeability
n. penetrability, ability to be permeated
Retraction
n. act of taking back; withdrawal (Astaqfar!)
Allude
v. hint; mention briefly
Trajectory
n. course, path; path of a missile
Graceful
adj. elegant and beautiful
Heyday
n. prime, time of greatest success or popularity
Forge
v. strengthen; invent; copy, make a fraudulent imitation
Strain
n. tension; pressure; exertion
Mean-spirited
petty, not generous
Demeaning
adj. humiliating, degrading, debasing
Leap
big jump
Enliven
to make vigorous or active; invigorate
Burst
a sudden, intense display, manifestation
Clog
to hinder or obstruct; to crowd excessively, especially so that movement is impeded
Dawn
the first appearance of daylight in the morning; advent
Equinox
the time when the sun crosses the plane of the earth's equator, making night and day of approximately equal length all over the earth
Resort
to have recourse for use, help, or accomplishing something, often as a final available option or resource
Collective
(a business, farm, etc.,) jointly owned and operated by the members of a group
Auditorium
a building for public gatherings; hall
Forefront
the position of greatest importance or prominence
March
to go forward; advance; proceed
alumnus
a graduate or former student of a specific school, college, or university
Stationary
standing still; not moving
Elongate
to draw out to greater length; lengthen; extend
Trickle
to flow or fall by drops, or in a small, gentle stream
Colossal
extraordinarily great in size, extent, or degree; gigantic; huge
Gear
to prepare, adjust, or adapt
Seek
to try or attempt
Leach
to dissolve out soluble constituents from (ashes, soil, etc.) by percolation
Subsequent
following in time/order or succession; succeeding
Diffuse
to spread or scatter widely or thinly
Recital
a musical entertainment given usually by a single performer
Virtually
almost totally
Sever
cut off
Entice
to persuade someone to go somewhere or do sth
Census
an official enumeration of the population, with details as to age, sex, occupation
Attend
to go somewhere; to look after someone
Roam
wander; ramble
Ruling
an authoritative decision, as one by a judge
Protracted
lengthy
Escalate
intensity, magnitude
Clump
a small, close group or cluster
Prospective
potential, likely, or expected
Swarm
a great number of things or persons, especially in motion
Staple
a basic or necessary item of food; a principal commodity
Bust
to collapse; n. boob!
Hike
to walk or march a great distance
Pastime
something that serves to make time pass agreeably; a pleasant means of amusement, recreation, or sport
Recreation
a pastime, diversion, exercise, or other resource affording relaxation and enjoyment
Reclamation
the process or industry of deriving usable materials from waste, by-products, etc
Polis
an ancient Greek city-state
Strangle
to kill by stopping the breath in any manner; choke; stifle; suffocate
Interim
an intervening time; interval; meantime
Aristocracy
a class of persons holding exceptional rank and privileges
Ruthless
without pity or compassion; cruel; merciless
Commissioner
a government official or representative in charge of a department or district
Commission
to authorize; send on a mission
Delegate
to commit (powers, functions, etc.) to another as agent or deputy
Deputy
a person appointed or authorized to act as a substitute for another or others
Unfold
to reveal or display
Stratify
to form or place in layers
Ambient
of the surrounding area or environment
Acclimatize
to accustom or become accustomed to a new climate or environment; adapt
Film
a thin layer or coating
Permeate
to pass into or through every part of
Desiccate
to dry thoroughly; dry up
Diurnal
daily
Bask
to lie in or be exposed to a pleasant warmth
Hibernate
Zoology. to spend the winter in close quarters in a dormant condition
Substrate
a substratum
Dawn on
to begin to be perceived
Bottom line
net profit or loss; outcome
Deter
to discourage or restrain from acting or proceeding; prevent
And so forth
continuing in the same way, and so on, etcetera
Enlist
recruit, to enter into some cause
Sift
to scatter
Oversee
supervise; manage
Rendition
an interpretation
Shear
to cut
Chant
a short, simple melody
Emanate
to flow out, issue; to send forth
Dissolve
to make a solution of, as by mixing with a liquid
Warfare
armed conflict
Intricate
complex; complicated; hard to understand
Barter
to trade by exchange of commodities rather than by the use of money
Forth
onward or outward in place or space; forward
Crucial
involving an extremely important decision or result; decisive; critical
Alleged
doubtful; suspect; supposed:
Strictly
exclusively
Plummet
plunge, decrease largely and quickly
Amenity
an agreeable way or manner; courtesy; civility
Cloak
a loose outer garment, as a cape or coat
Divinity
deity; godhood
Scramble
to compete or struggle with others for possession or gain
Appease
to satisfy, allay, or relieve; assuage
Equitable
characterized by equity or fairness; just and right; fair; reasonable
Batch
a quantity or number coming at one time or taken together, v. to mix
Compass
to attain or achieve; accomplish; obtain
Coordinate
to combine in harmonious relation or action
Vigorous
strong; active; robust
Fan out
to spread out over a wide area
Promptly
immediately
Diffusion
spread
Spell
to form; to signify
Socrates
A Greek philosopher and scientist & teacher of Plato (سقراط)
Plato
A philosopher & teacher of Aristotle (افلاطون)
Aristotle
A Greek philosopher and scientist (ارسطو)
Readily
promptly; quickly; easily
Segregate
isolate; to separate
Glide
to move smoothly and continuously along
Repercussion
an effect or result
Agora
a popular political assembly
Assembly
a group of persons gathered together, usually for a particular purpose
Radiate
to extend, spread
Intricate
complex; complicated; hard to understand, work, or make
Precursor
a person or thing that precedes
Permeate
to pass into or through every part of
Standstill
a state of cessation of movement or action; halt; stop
Preliminary
preceding and leading up to the main part, matter, or business; introductory; preparatory
Stubby
bristly, as the hair or beard
Submerge
to cover; bury; subordinate; suppress
Render
to cause to be or become; make; do
Confine
to enclose within bounds; limit or restrict
Compel
to force to submit; subdue
Snatch
to seize by a sudden or hasty grasp
Strain
to draw tight or taut, especially to the utmost tension; stretch to the full
Entangle
to confuse or perplex; to involve in difficulties
Gulp
to swallow eagerly, or in large drafts or morsels
Stigma
a mark of disgrace or infamy; a stain or reproach, as on one's reputation
Culinary
of, relating to, or used in cooking or the kitchen
Swarm
a great number of things or persons, especially in motion
Seigniorage
the difference between the cost of the bullion plus minting expenses and the value as money of the pieces coined
Virtue
moral excellence; goodness; righteousness; valor
Boast
to speak with pride
Ablaze
burning; on fire; excited; eager; zealous; ardent
Radically
in a complete or basic manner; thoroughly; fundamentally
Mint
to make (coins, money, etc.) by stamping metal
Cascade
to fall; n. a waterfall descending over a steep
Incise
to cut into; cut marks, figures, etc., upon
Pinch
to constrict or squeeze painfully; to diminish (out)
Redundancy
duplication, superfluous
Batch
to combine, mix
Mundane
common; ordinary; banal; unimaginative
Lavish
using or giving in great amounts; prodigal
Influx
act of flowing in.; inflow
Amass
to come together; assemble
Renown
widespread and high repute; fame
Pertinent
relevant
Submarine
a vessel that can be submerged and navigated under water
Voyage
a course of travel or passage, especially a long journey by water to a distant place
Attribute
credit; assign
Involved
very intricate or complex
Retard
to make slow; hinder or impede
Shred
to be cut up, torn, etc
Fauna
the animals of a given region or period considered as a whole
Flora
the plants of a particular region or period, listed by species and considered as a whole
Pronounced
strongly marked; decided; unequivocal
Calf
the young of the domestic cow or other bovine animal
Contract
to shorten
Spring
to rise, leap, move, or act suddenly and swiftly
Endow
to provide with a permanent fund or source of income
Precursor
a person or thing that precedes
Conduce
to lead or contribute to a result
Parchment
the skin of sheep, goats, etc.
Vellum
calfskin, lambskin, kidskin, etc., treated for use as a writing surface
Tumble
to fall or decline rapidly; drop
Pasture
grass or other plants for feeding livestock
Extraneous
not pertinent; irrelevant
Elongate
to draw out to greater length; lengthen; extend
Perpendicular
vertical; straight up and down; upright
Slump
to drop or fall heavily; collapse
Mush
any thick, soft mass
