AQA A2 Sociology Crime and Deviance

A personal map of a town based on an individual's daily activities.

The ability of a community to achieve their aims (which usually include limiting crime).

Widening circles

Values are passed on from one generation to the next.

The theory that deviant behaviour is learned from, and justified by, family and friends.

Refers to the way that a leisure industry has developed at night, which provides the location of many offences.

Crime occurs when there is an opportunity, stop the opportunity and crime is less likely to occur.

The way that public areas are increasingly being owned by companies, who police it in such way as to exclude undesirables.

The normal activities of daily life provide the cognitive maps and opportunities for crime.

An approach to crime which ignores the motivation for offending and instead concentrates on making it more difficult to commit.

The extent of social networks.

A city area that does not have a shared culture.

The process by which an area moves from being predominantly law-abiding to predominantly accepting antisocial behaviour.

The cheapest, least desirable zones of the city, into which immigrants are moved.

Feeley and Simon's view that modern governments look for risk factors and then focus all their energies on the group(s) identified as most likely to commit crime

(Wilson and Kelling) The idea that if less serious crimes are allowed, more serious ones are likely to occur later.

A term which refers to the occupational culture developed by the police.

Where effective crime prevention in one place has the unfortunate result of moving it elsewhere or onto different victims. It is based on rational choice theory.

Garland claims that modern governments have given up trying to stop crime; they now merely wish to manage people's attitudes towards it.

Architectural design that makes it more difficult to commit crime.

The fact that the police have to use their judgement about when to use the force of law.

Garland's name for the traditional approach of the criminal justice system, which sought to punish and rehabilitate offenders.

The family and social factors which are statistically most likely to predict future offending.

(SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION) Ways of making objects more difficult to steal and people less likely to be victims. e.g. locking doors, security guards. This approach may explain petty street crime but not white-collar, corporate crime, and state crime. The assumption that criminals make rational choices may not be true of violent and drug-related crimes.

It measures may simply displace crime. However, sometimes this approach does more than simply displacing crime or deviance; e.g. changing from coal gas to less toxic natural gas reduced total suicides - not just those from gassing.

There is some evidence for this approach; e.g. zero tolerance policing in New York in the 1990s produced a significant fall in crime. However, some claim that this was more to do with increasing police numbers and falling unemployment.

Rather than emphasizing policing, these strategies ephasize dealing with the social conditions that predispose some some individual to future crime e.g. poverty. (AO2) The Perry pre-school project in Michigan gave an experimental group of disadvantaged 3-4 year olds a two-year intellectual enrichment programme. The longitudinal study following their progress into adulthood showed far fewer arrests to violent crime, property crime and drugs compared with peers not in the project.

1. Deterrence (may prevent future crime from a fear of punishment) 2. Rehabilitation e.g. anger management courses 3. Incapacitation (ubezwłasnowolnienie) e.g. execution, imprisonment 4. Retribution (kara)

(DURKHEIM) 1. Retributive justice - traditional society has a strong collective conscience, so punishment is severe and vengeful. 2. Restitutive (rekompensata) justice - in modern society, there is extensive interdependence between individuals. Crime damages this and the function of justice system should be to repair the damage e.g. compensation.

His view is too simplistic: traditional societies often have restitutive rather than retributive justice, e.g. paying off a blood feud (krwawe porachunki rodzinne).

Two forms of punishment: 1. Sovereign (najwyższa) power - in pre-modern society, the monarch exercised physical power e.g. public execution 2. Disciplinary power - becomes dominant from the 19th century and seeks to govern not just the body, but also the mind through surveillance e.g. panopticon

His claim of a shift from corporal punishment to imprisonment is over-simplistic and he exaggerates the extent of control; e.g. even psychiatric patients can resist control.

1. The changing role of prison (from holding offenders PRIOR to punishment in pre-industrial Europe to a form of punishment in itself). 2. Transcarceration (moving people between prison-like institutions e.g. brought up in care, then a young offender's institution) 3. Alternatives to prison e.g. curfews, tagging.

He argues that the USA and to some extent the UK are moving into an era of mass incarceration (uwięzienie). In the USA, over 3% of the adult population now have some form of a judicial restriction on their liberty. He argues crime control has become more politicised. 'Tough on crime' policies e.g. prison appeal to the public despite being relatively ineffective in reducing crime.

It focuses on interpersonal crimes of violence and seeks patterns to identify the characters of victims. 1. Victim proneness e.g. less intelligent 2. Victim precipitation (gwałtowność) - Wolfgang's study of 588 homicides found that 26% involved the victim triggering the events leading to murder e.g. first used violence (AO2) This approach is close to being victim-blaming. It ignores wider structural factors such as poverty and patriarchy.

1. Crime may create 'indirect' victims .e.g. family/friends/witnesses 2. Hate crimes against ethnic minorities may create 'waves of harm' that radiate out to intimidate whole communities 3. Secondary victimization e.g. rape victims in the CJS 4. Crime may create fear of becoming a victim (even if irrational) e.g. women.

It focuses on structural factors e.g. patriarchy and poverty and also includes studying those who are overlooked by the criminal justice system (e.g. women and domestic violence) or overlooked by society as a whole. Tombs and Whyte show that employers' violations of the law leading to death or injury to workers are often explained away as the fault of 'accident prone' workers. (consider Marxism)