A Level Geography ~ Key Definitions

the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a given region

the largest population that the resources of a given environment can support

tendency for population growth to continue beyond the time that replacement level fertility has been achieved

the number of births per thousand population in a given year

the number of live births per 1000 women ages 15-49 years in a given year

the average number of children that would be born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she were to pass through her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of a given year.

the level at which each generation has just enough children to replace themselves in the population

the number of deaths per 1000 of the population in a given year.

the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live births in a given year

the average number of years a person may expect to live when born, assuming past trends continue

the composition of a population, the most important elements being age and sex

a bar chart, arranged vertically, showing the distribution of a population by age and sex

the number of males per 100 females in a population

the ratio of the number of people under 15 and over 64 years to theose 15-64 years of age

the ratio of the number of people 0-14 to those 15-64 years of age

the ratio of number of people 65 and over to those 15-64 years of age.

the historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in a population

the difference between the birth and death rate

when the number of births is lower than the number of deaths

a rise in the median age of a population

the use of resources to improve the quality of life in a country

a measure of development that combines three important aspects of human wellbeing: life expectancy, education and income

the number of children who die before their fifth birthday per 1000 live births

the death of a woman during or shortly after pregnancy

the theoretical number of people who can be supported by the available resources and and level of technology in a geographical area

a sustainability indicator, which expresses the relationship between population and the natural environment. It accounts for the use of natural resources by a country's population

the capacity of an area or ecosystem to generate an ongoing supply of resources and to absorb its wastes

one global hectare is equivalent to one hectare of biologically productive space with world average productivity

'the totally set of GHG (greenhouse gas) emmissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organisation, or even product

occurs when humanity's demand on nature exceeds the biosphere's supply, or regenerative capacity

the introduction of high yielding seeds and modern agricultural techniques in developing countries

crops that do not die once harvested, existing for years before reseeding may be required

the one that achieves a given aim in the most satisfactory way

the level of population that, through the production of goods and services, provides the highest average standard of living

when there are too few people in an area to use the resources available efficiently

when there are too many people in an area relative to the resources and the level of technology available

the level of population growth that best utilises the resources and technology available.

when the population per until area exceeds the carrying capacity

the pessimistic lobby who fear that population growth will outstrip resources, leading to consequences predicted by Thomas Malthus

the optimists who argue that either population growth will slow well before the limits of resources that are reached, or that the ingenuity of humankind will solve resource problems when they arise

when a government has stated aim on an aspect of its population and it undertakes measures to achieve that aim

a population policy that aims to encourage more births through the use of incentives

a population policy designed to limit fertility through the use of both incentives and deterrents

a programme to regulate the number and spacing of children in a family through the practice of contraception or other methods of birth control

the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a foetus or embryo, resulting in or caused by its death

an economic system in which the state or workers' councils manage all aspects of the economy

the rights and freedoms that protect an individual from the state.

abortion performed because of the gender of the foetus or when a genetic test is performed that detects an undesireable trait

the rules for how people should act in a given group or society

the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a country or region